@Artem: Sorry I am bit confused as you said it’s not working after theme update. But we haven’t change any settings in blog. Did you recently added or updated any plugin. Can you try disabling those plugins and check in.
Then Please check your settings.
1. For homepage to show latest post you need to go to “Appearance => Theme Options => Homepage Settings => Homepage/Frontpage Settings” and then “Enable Latest Posts or Page”, save changes.
2. then to show the blog in http://anvilrosenkreuz.ru/blog/, you can go to “Settings => Readings”, select ” A static page (select below)” in Front page displays and in Posts page choose Blog page.
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